Sharley Haddon, who has lived at the beach for more than 50 years, said she heard the thudding of the sand mining barge at night. It comes after more than 80 years of sand mining at Pakiri Beach, and what some local campaigners see as evidence of environmental harm to the shore and seabed. McCallum Bros has been sucking up sand from three different depths off the beach north of Auckland and wants authorities to rethink its declined 'far shore' application - warning of dire consequences for the construction industry. This genus was predicted to have a vast distribution and potential as an inoculum at tin-mined lands.Pakiri Beach sand dunes. Glomus was dominant at all study sites, either at tin-mined lands or at a forest and at an abandoned farmed-land.
The spore number tended to decrease as the more newly abandoned tin-mined land. The average spore number per 50 g soil at 0-20 cm depth were 2.0 (4 year old and barren tin-mined land) 46.4 (7-year old tin-mined land) 56.8 (11-year old tin-mined land) and 261.8 (38-year old tin-mined land) while 45.3 at an abandoned farmed-land and 15.1 at a forest. The results showed that at succession on tin-mined land, the less phosphate concentration in the soil, the more the average number of spore per dominant vegetation. Spores were separated from soil by a wet sieving method and identified referring to INVAM. Composites of eight subsamples of rhizosphere were taken at 0-20 cm soil depth under three dominant vegetations at a lowland forest, an abandoned farmed-land, and at 4-, 7-, 11-, and 38-year old tin-mined lands using a modified CSM-BGBD Project 2004 protocol. The aim of this research was to identify the status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the succession on tin-mined land in Bangka Island. Consequently biotechnology approach such as the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for supporting revegetation on tin-mined land was needed. Vegetation structure and composition were changed. The effect of tin mining activity increased sand fraction, decreased silt and clay fractions, decreased macro and micro nutrients especially phosphate and potassium.
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